CBBCs
  • 牛熊證攻略 第一節
    甚麼是牛熊證?
  • 牛熊證攻略 第二節
    選擇牛熊證時應注意
  • 牛熊證攻略 第三節
    牛熊證收回機制及結算方法
甚麼是牛熊證?

是一種衍生工具合約,在香港聯合交易所上市,同以T+2時間交收。在香港買賣的牛熊證,大部分是指數與股份牛熊證,入場成本較低,只需付出財務費用及持有股票戶口即可買賣,買賣方法與一般股票相似,投資者最大損失只是全部本金,不需要補倉,但不須繳付印花稅。牛熊證具有槓桿作用,附有強制性收回機制,並可分為R類及N類牛熊證。現時市面上的牛熊證全屬R類,被強制收回時可能會有剩餘價值;N類則沒有。

牛證

投資者看好後市表現,可選擇買入牛證。當相關資產價格(現時主要為指數或股份,但亦可以是其他資產或商品)上升,牛證的價格理論上相應愈高。投資者可沽出牛證獲利,賺取相關資產價格上升的利潤

熊證

熊證則與牛證相反,投資者看淡後市表現,可選擇買入熊證。當相關資產的價格愈低,熊證的價值會相應提高。投資者可捕捉因相關資產股價下跌,令熊證價格上升時的機會,沽出熊證獲利。

牛熊證內在值

牛熊證的理論價格由內在值及財務費用組成。內在值即相關資產價格距離行使價的價值。

牛熊證價格 = 內在值+財務費用
牛證內在值 = (相關資產價格–行使價) / 換股比率
熊證內在值 = (行使價 - 相關資產價格) / 換股比率

財務費用

財務費用已反映在牛熊證的買賣價格,投資者向發行人買入牛熊證時,已全數支付。如投資者在到期日前沽出牛熊證,則可從發行人的買入價格中取回部份已付的財務費用。熊證的財務費用一般較高,因其包括發行人的借貸成本。發行人各自有不同的財務費用年率數據,例如HIBOR/LIBOR或隔夜拆息等。

財務費用 = (行使價/ 換股比率) x 財務利率(年) x 剩餘年期﹝到期日(天)﹞ / 365

到期日

牛熊證於到期前一個交易日為最後交易日

行使價

行使價是指買入或沽出該牛證/熊證相關資產的價格水平。理論上,所有在場內交易之牛熊證均為「價內」。牛證收回價及行使價皆不可能高於相關資產現價;熊證之收回價及行使價則不可能低於相關資產現價,因該等「價外」牛熊證應已被收回。

牛熊證的行使價愈貼近相關資產價格,風險便愈大,因相關資產價格觸及收回價導致收回的機會亦較大,潛在回報相對亦愈高。

溢價

牛熊證溢價是指投資者買入牛熊證後,若持有相關牛熊證至到期,其資產價格需升/跌多少,才能令牛熊證投資者打和離場。同時,亦可被理解為發行人收取牛熊證財務費用的實際價值。若相同收回價而不同到期日的牛熊證被強制收回,投資者買入較低溢價的牛熊證,相應損失較少的財務費用。不過,若投資者長期持有深入價內的牛熊證,則宜比較同類條款牛熊證的財務費用年率。

槓桿比率

槓桿比率指相關資產價格變動1%,影響牛熊證理論價格變動的百分比。若牛熊證的槓桿比率是5倍,即相關資產價格升跌1%時,該牛熊證的價格理論上變動5%。

槓桿比率 = 相關資產價格 / (牛熊證價格x換股比率)

槓桿比率與牛熊證的價格升跌成逆向。若一隻恒指牛證價格隨恒指上升,其槓桿比率將降低;相反,如恒指牛證隨恒指下跌,其槓桿比率將增加。因此當投資者看錯方向,需檢視所持的牛熊證的槓桿比率,會否高於自己可承受的風險水平。並可考慮轉移投資至較低槓桿的牛熊證上。至於看準方向的投資者則可考慮投資至較高槓桿的牛熊證上,維持原來的槓桿比例。

兌換比率

恒指牛熊證價格跟隨期指跳動,而強制收回機制則以恒指現貨作為指標。投資者應留意牛熊證的兌換比率,留意其敏感度及面值。 同一價格區域的恒指牛熊證,兌換比率愈小,該牛熊證敏感度越高。若牛熊證處於不同價格區域,恒指牛熊證敏感度與兌換比率沒有直接關係。 當市況波動性高,投資者或可不需要變動太頻繁的高敏感度產品,較大的換股比率可減低入市金額。 當市況波動性低,投資者則可考慮敏感度較高,換股比率較小的產品應市。

牛熊證面值

恒指牛熊證面值亦會受兌換比率影響,若行使價及到期日等條款相同,兌換比率愈大的牛熊證,面值愈少。不過,牛熊值價格低只代表每手買入金額較少,不代表便宜。牛熊證的平貴取決於財務費用年率,年率愈低,代表發行商收取的費用愈低。

牛熊證敏感度圖表

恒指牛熊證價格區域 上落價位 兌換比率
    10000:1 15000:1 38000:1
$0.01< 價格 <$0.25 $0.001 10 15 38
$0.25< 價格 <$0.50 $0.005 50 75 190
$0.50< 價格 <$1 $0.010 100 150 380

牛熊證敏感度

牛熊證敏感度反映相關資產價格變動,對牛熊證價格的影響。根據港交所指引,香港所有股票及輪證都會按照價格,而有它們的最低買賣價位。最低買賣價位等於股份及輪證跳動一格的價錢。

可是牛熊證本質是期權,價格上落非完全線性。牛熊證跳動一個價位所需變動點數,即敏感度不是永遠一致。當該牛熊證接近或遠離收回價時,牛熊證跳動一個價位或等於更多的期指變動點數,出現不一致的情況。

指數牛熊證敏感度 = 最小跳動格數x 換股比率

若恒指牛熊證價格0.25元以下,換股比率是10000,其最低買賣價位是0.001,亦即證價最小跳動格數。該牛證的敏感度 (0.001 x 10000 = 10) ,表示期指每上升或下跌10點,恒指牛證便會移動一格。

若一隻價格0.25以上的牛熊證,其最小跳動格數為0.005元,換股比率同樣為10000。該牛證敏感度 (0.005 x 10000 =50),表示期指上升或下跌50點,牛證才移動一格。

股價牛熊證敏感度 = (最小跳動格數 x 對沖值) / (換股比率 x 牛熊證最低上落價位)

正股牛熊證方面,一隻盈富基金牛證(2800),收回價18.5元,行使價18元,牛證價格是0.246元,換股比率10兌1, 假如盈富基金現價19.2元。該牛熊證敏感度(0.02 x 1)/ (10 x 0.001) = 2。即是正股跳動1格,輪價跳動約2格。

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